In this section any analysis is conducted where the gender of the offender is known. Dont include personal or financial information like your National Insurance number or credit card details. A consistently lower proportion of female defendants entered a guilty plea over the last 5 years, at 66% in 2019 compared to 71% of male defendants. This analysis compares the genders in the matched young offender cohort, broken down by disposal, educational attainment, pupil characteristics, persistent absence and exclusion. Of the 62,800 offenders released from prison sentences in 2019, 91% were male and 9% female. Youth custody report for March 2015 published. , A first reception is a measure which counts a prisoners first movement into custody following a court hearing for a particular set of offences committed. Similarly, in just over half of all . , Self-declared from HR records, as at 1 April 2019. The biggest difference between males and females in median days from offence to completion is the 102 days more (25%) for females in fraud offence cases, which can be explained by the 108 days higher offence to charge for females in comparison to males. , Information about sex was provided for all individuals in this chapter; there are no unknown or not stated cases for any of the CJS organisations discussed. , Statistics on case management come from Criminal Court Statistics. Statistically, it appears that the family courts in the United States are biased against fathers. Truancy females made up 71% of the 19,600 convictions in 2019, down 2 pp from 2015. The greater tendency for female first time offenders to be cautioned or convicted for theft aligns with trends for offenders more generally, as discussed in Chapter 4: Police Activity. More than 500 lay people (59 percent men, 41 percent women) also were recruited online to take part in the study. Ethnic minority groups accounted for a higher proportion of prosecutions against males compared to females. , Analysis of attainment data focuses on those sentenced/cautioned that were at the end of KS4 in the 2013/14 and 2014/15 academic years. Of the females remanded in custody at the Crown Court for indictable offences in 2019, 80% were White, 10% were Black, 4% were Asian, 5% were Mixed and 2% were Chinese and Other. , From April 2017, the upper age limit for the self-completion module was increased to ask all respondents aged 16 to 74. This section looks at offenders starting supervision as a result of a court order, including those starting supervision as a result of a community order or a suspended sentence order[footnote 68]. Self-harm in prison custody is defined as any act where a prisoner deliberately harms themselves irrespective of the method, intent or severity of any injury. In the last 5 years, females consistently had a higher proportion of prisoners who self-harmed and a higher number of instances of self-harm per 1,000 prisoners[footnote 66]. , In this section, children are the standard unit we are describing, even when not explicitly stating so in the text. Conveyance of drugs or weapons into or out of prison females made up 53% of 324 convictions in 2019, up 8 pp since 2015. Therefore, to ensure comparability across year, these forces have been excluded from the calculations for the year on year change. Young females had higher levels of FSM eligibility across all disposals, except for fines, compared to young males. For females, this was followed by strangulation, asphyxiation (17%), and, for males, hitting, kicking, etc. (18%). There were 5.4 million custodial parents who were supposed to receive child support in 2017, 1.2 million of which (22.2%) had family incomes below the poverty threshold. As at 30 June 2019, there were 9,100 prisoners held on remand (unsentenced), 6% of the prison population held on remand were female and this proportion was stable over the last 5 years. In 2019, 74% of those convicted for TV licence evasion were female. However, as in previous reports, in order to present as full a picture as possible we have also included some statistics that do not have this badging where National Statistics are not held on important or new topics. Of all females sentenced in 2019, Black female offenders had the highest custody rate[footnote 75] at 23%. If you have any feedback about the changes referred to in the introduction, or the report more generally, please contact the production team through the Justice Statistics Analytical Services division of the Ministry of Justice: Monthly statistics on the population in custody of children and young people within secure children's homes (SCHs), secure training centres (STCs) and young offender institutions (YOIs).. This was considerably lower than the proportion of pupils achieving this attainment level for the overall pupil population (including both offenders and non-offenders) in 2013/14[footnote 94] (62% for young females and 52% for young males) and 2014/15[footnote 95] (62% for young females and 53% for young males). Figure 5.04: Proportion of the defendants brought to magistrates court by prosecuting authority and sex, 2019. Therefore, Figure 3.01 refers to the previous year, 2018/19. Violent crime was reported by a higher proportion of males (2.1%) than females (1.4%) in 2018/19. In 2019/20, 27.6% of females aged 16-74 reported being victims of domestic abuse once or more since age 16, double that of males (13.8%)[footnote 17]. More females experienced two types of abuse (18.3%) than males (13.5%), often including domestic stalking. A higher proportion of female defendants were not remanded by police, which may be due in part to the different types of offences for which females and males are prosecuted and hence the risk they are perceived as representing. Penalty Notices for Disorder (PND)[footnote 32] issued. This is driven in part by a higher proportion of female offenders getting sentenced for offences that tend to receive shorter sentences. In general, females appear to be substantially underrepresented throughout the CJS compared with males. Figure 4.02: Proportion of arrests within each offence group, by sex, 2019/20, Detentions under section 136 of the Mental Health Act (1983)[footnote 25]. In 2018/19, 671 individuals were victims of homicide in England and Wales; 64% of which were males and 36%, females (Figure 3.03). , Data is from CSEW 2019 annual supplementary tables. The conviction ratio has been consistently higher for female offenders over the last 5 years, and was 88% in 2019, compared to 87% for males. Over the last 5 years, a higher proportion of males were bailed or remanded in custody. This difference is likely to be linked to the greater seriousness of offences typically dealt with at the Crown Court. Well send you a link to a feedback form. Compared to males, a significantly higher proportion of females reported: self-declared mental health problems, physical disability, having drug and alcohol problems, money worries and housing worries. Comparisons with previous years are not possible due to changes in the order of questions asked influencing overall trends. Previous data representing ages 16-59 are therefore incomparable to data after April 2017. The median time from charge for first listing decreased for females (down 12%) but increased for males (up 15%). In 2019, the proportion of children prosecuted for indictable offences that were females was 10%. This is a slight rise in median offence to completion from 2015 for females of 2% (150 days) and a larger rise of 9% for males (149 days). This proportion has remained stable over the last 5 years (June 2015 June 2019) despite the overall fall of 18% in the under 18 custody population. And while a bias against men in child custody cases has been around for decades, let's explain why this is happening from a legal perspective. Significantly more females were victim to theft from the person, than males. In 2019, there were 72,200 first receptions into prison, of which 90% were male and 10% were female. The proportion of all young offenders in the matched cohort that achieved 5 or more GCSEs (or equivalents) graded A* to C, including English and Maths, was slightly higher for the young female group, at 12%, compared to 10% for young males. , In some cases, such as in the prison population, the age band for children is defined differently. The proportion of female legal aid recipients in the Crown Court was lower with 10% of the crime higher legal aid workload in 2019[footnote 42]. In 2019, 60,800 cautions were issued, 78% to males and 22% to females. A gender bias argument should not be used by a divorced father unless he has personal experience and can back up that experience with proof. This may result in a single offender being included in the annual cohort more than once. Caution data cannot be split by simple and conditional, and data broken down by sex is not available for cannabis and khat warnings or community resolutions, therefore these will not be included in the totals. In 2019, females made up 17% of offenders issued community orders and 14% of suspended sentence orders (with requirements). Figure 7.12: Proportion of young offenders who finished Key Stage 4 in either 2013/14 or 2014/15 with a record of fixed period exclusion, by gender and disposal category (Source: Table 7.5). Further information on the methodology and cohort size can be found in the technical guide. However, these data have been extracted from large administrative and survey data systems generated by the courts, police forces and other agencies. Department of Work and Pensions benefits statistics, fewer women coming into the criminal justice system and reoffending, fewer women in custody, especially on short-term sentences, and a greater proportion of women managed in the community successfully; and. The majority of female homicides took place in or around a house/dwelling (71%), whereas only 39% of male homicides took place here. Over the last 5 years, these proportions have been gradually increasing. , If enforcement officers suspect a household of watching or recording live TV without a valid licence and are not able to contact anyone at the property by letter or by telephone, they visit the household in person. Despite this, a higher proportion of females reported verbal abuse, threats and bullying from other prisoners. In 2019/20, 640,000 arrests were carried out by police in England and Wales, which has remained stable over the last 3 years following a previously downward trend. Cautions issued[footnote 33][footnote 34] For each age range from 21 and over, males consistently had a larger number of prosecutions (approximately three times more). There are some depressing statistics in this regard: 83% of sole-custody awards go to women. Self-harm per individual was over twice as high for females at 9.3 instances, compared to 4.4 for males. Young males receiving less than 12 months in custody were less likely to receive any pass in GCSEs than young females (60% v 67%). Wed like to set additional cookies to understand how you use GOV.UK, remember your settings and improve government services. Youth custody report for August 2016 published. , Defendants with unknown age and sex are excluded. In 2019, 15% of the total crime lower legal aid workload was for female clients and this proportion has remained stable over the last 5-year period[footnote 41]. A fixed period exclusion can involve a part of the school day and it does not have to be for a continuous period. There are still more single moms raising children, but it's likely inaccurate that the court is biased toward granting women custody. Supplementary Excel (in an Open .ods format) tables accompany the chapters, providing additional data where the figures have not previously been published (or not published in that form). In 2019, prosecutions by age distribution of males and female defendants was broadly similar, with the majority of defendants concentrated between the ages of 18 and 59. In 2019, 15% of males and 17% females elected to be tried at the Crown Court. In 2018/19, 671 homicides took place; 64% of victims were male and 36% were female. Among young females who were dealt with by a community penalty, 90% had a record of persistent absence, compared to 82% of young males; a 9 percentage point difference. Between 2015 and 2019, female children saw the largest decline, a decrease of 35% in prosecutions, compared to a 29% decrease for male children that were prosecuted over the same period. A BBC report suggested that in 2011 men accounted for just 8% of the UK's single parents. , See technical guide for information on the use of section 136 of the Mental Health Act (1983). In 2019, offenders with 15 or more previous cautions or convictions comprised 25% of all offenders, 89% of offenders were male, compared to the 11% who were female. Conviction ratios were higher for summary offences and as a higher proportion of female offences were summary, this in part explains the higher conviction ratio for female offenders. Contrastingly, the HMPPS HQ (and Area Services) has a majority female staff, increasing to 59% in 2020. The HMPPS Offender Equalities report 2019/20 (released on the same day as this report) also includes information on: Mother and Baby units, Sexual Orientation in the Prison Population, Accredited Programmes, Incentives and Earned Privileges and Electronic Monitoring. The only exceptions are when we are deliberately discussing all aged offenders. Perceptions of the Criminal Justice System. More detailed information on the reforms can be found at the following: SEND code of practice: 0 to 25 years. For each offence, the proportion of those who were sentenced to immediate custody was lower for female offenders than for males. Youth custody data report for June 2014 published. This report provides an overview of these children and their custodial parents, including their socioeconomic characteristics and the types and the amount of child support received from noncustodial parents. Figure 4.01: Number of arrests, by age group and sex, 2015/16 to 2019/20. Figure 5.02: Individuals dealt with formally by the CJS, by sex, 2015 to 2019. In the 2017/18 cohort, the reoffending rate was higher for males at 30%, compared to 23% for females. This chapter looks at the interaction between sex and other key characteristics throughout the Criminal Justice System including, ethnicity, age, offending history, and reoffending. , Where there were multiple offences on the same occasion, only the primary offence as recorded on the Police National Computer (PNC) would be counted. In general, the higher the proportion of students who received FSM, the higher the severity of the disposal category. , Please note that the spacing of the time period displayed does not align with the actual time scale, for example the time between sentenced to custody for 0-1 month is smaller than 6 to 12 months. Court bail includes those remanded on bail at any stage of proceedings at magistrates or Crown Court who were never remanded in custody but who may also have been not remanded at some stage of those proceedings. Youth custody data for June 2016 published. Among children aged 6 and under, only 18 percent were in the sole custody of their fathers or in joint custody. This was much higher than the proportion of all year 11 pupils who had SEN without a statement (including both offenders and non-offenders) in 2013/14[footnote 108] (13% for young females and 18% for young males) and 2014/15[footnote 109] (10% for both young females and 14% for young males). 4% of crime higher legal aid clients had an unstated sex. The majority (95%) of the prison population were male. The 75+ group was the only age group where prevalence of violent crime in highest among females. , Proven reoffending statistics are reported based on cohorts of offenders who are released from custody, received a non-custodial conviction at court, or received a caution within a three-month period. , For the detailed statistics for specific offences used in this chapter, see the Principal offence proceedings and outcomes by Home Office offence code data tool in Criminal Justice Statistics Quarterly: December 2019. The most recent annual reoffending data available is for the 2017/18 (i.e. Some of the proportions presented in this analysis are based on small sample sizes so care should be taken when comparing results for different genders. In 2019, 50% of PNDs were paid in full, and 35% resulted in a fine for late payment. like child support and child custody, contested. Consequently, there is a lower proportion of effective trials for females (43%) compared to males (50%). Figure 7.11: Proportion of young offenders who finished Key Stage 4 in either 2013/14 or 2014/15 with a record of persistent absence, by gender and disposal category (Source: Table 7.4). Figure 8.05: Custody rate by sex for indictable offences with the highest number of female offenders sentenced, England and Wales, 2019. First time offenders accounted for 24% of offenders who were cautioned or convicted In England and Wales in 2019, of which 78% were male and 22% females[footnote 88]. A decrease in prosecutions was also seen for Class B drug offences (1,000 fewer), benefit fraud (1,500 fewer) and absconding from bail (1,200 fewer). In homicides where the principal suspect was known to the victim, 67% of cases with female victims suspected the partner/ex-partner. As discussed in Chapter 5: Defendants, in 2019, 26% of individuals[footnote 113] prosecuted in England and Wales were female[footnote 114]. Of those sentenced, a consistently higher proportion of female offenders were fined and had a lower average fine than male offenders over the last 5 years. , The detailed results of the survey can be found in the offenders under supervision or in custody tables. This aligns with the differences in the types of offence males and females were typically prosecuted for, as discussed in Chapter 8: Offence Analysis. The custody rate for this offence was lower for female offenders (19%) than for males (26%). Young male offenders had a higher proportion with SEN with a statement[footnote 105] overall (17%), compared to young female offenders (7%). Ministry of Justice, 3rd Floor, 10 South Colonnade, London, E14 4PU, General enquiries about the statistical work of the Ministry of Justice can be e-mailed to: ESD@justice.gov.uk, The structure and content of this report is continually being reviewed to reflect user requirements. Males were significantly more likely to fall victim to violence and robbery compared to females, with a significant increase in male robbery victims since 2017/18. For both sexes, the child custody rate has remained broadly stable since 2015, at 8% for males and 2% for females. Secure Childrens Homes and Secure Training Centres are for males (those who are younger or have more complex needs) and females aged 10-17. See technical guide for more information. Similarly, we refer to females / males and women / men in this report, as a reflection of the binary classification in use. We use some essential cookies to make this website work. Offenders with 1 to 14 previous cautions or convictions. Report and data for December 2017 published. Documents fulfilling this requirement have been published since 1992, in the form of statistical information. The most recent data in this report are from the Child Support Supplement (CSS) to the April 2018 Current Population Survey (CPS). For example, 83% of mothers receive custody of their children in divorces. This publication compiles statistics from data sources across the Criminal Justice System (CJS), to provide a combined perspective on the typical experiences of females who come into contact with it. This proportion was slightly less for females (83%), than for males (85%). Newport, UK: Office for National Statistics. Youth custody data for December 2016 published. Benefit fraud females made up 55% of the 98 summary convictions in 2019, down 3 pp from 2015. Females had a higher average number of reoffences per reoffender compared to males, at 4.33 and 3.99, respectively. Youth Custody Report for November 2013 published. And while a bias against men in child custody cases has been around for decades, let's explain why this is happening from a legal perspective. In 2019, Black males were particularly over represented, accounting for 12% of all male prosecutions. The study relied solely on electronically available published opinions in child custody cases (n = 4,338). The proportion of all young offenders in the matched cohort that achieved any pass in their GCSEs (or equivalents) was high; 80% for males and 83% for females. This has remained broadly stable since 2015. As per the reports presented by the Custodial Mothers & Fathers and the Child Support (2015), the statistics presented by the United States Census Bureau indicated that there are around 13.7 million single parents in the United States. Over a three-year timeseries, a larger proportion of males aged 16-59 had experienced only one form of abuse in the last year (84.6%) compared to females the same age (77.9%)[footnote 18]. , This section looks at persons only and excludes those where sex is not stated. Senior police officers increased their female representation to 27% in 2020, from 23% five years ago. In the absence of any court outcome, the principal suspect is either the person considered by the police to be the most involved in the homicide or the suspect with the closest relationship to the victim. Personal crime is defined by the CSEW as comprising of all violence and thefts. There is a glossary that explains the definition of each disposal in the technical guide, along with a summary of the data share. Benefit fraud females made up 58% of the 1160 convictions for indictable benefit fraud offences up 2 pp from 2015. , Statistics used are from the CSEW 2019/20 unless stated otherwise; when differences are not referred to as statistically significant these are either not statistically significantly different, or differences have not been tested. In 2019, over half (55%) of the prosecutions for female defendants were for summary non-motoring offences, compared to under a third (29%) of male defendants. The Ministry of Justice aims to avoid the need for revisions to publications unless they are absolutely necessary and put systems and processes in place to minimise the number of revisions. In 2019, 43% of all PSRs were written, fast delivery PSRs[footnote 52] (females 39%, males 44%). Monthly statistics on the population in custody of children and young people within the secure estate. In 2019, 341,000 females (26%) and 968,000 (74%) males were formally dealt with by the CJS, either by an out of court disposal (OOCD) or court proceedings. There is only ever one principal suspect per homicide victim. Figure 8.01: The proportion of male and female offenders prosecuted for each offence group, England and Wales, 2019. , The data in this section refers to arrests for notifiable crimes recorded by the police. The overall levels of attainment for the cohort are slightly higher for the young female group, with 46% achieving 5 or more GCSEs (or equivalents) graded A* to G, including English and Maths, compared to 43% for young males. The overall child conviction ratio for indictable offences remained broadly stable since 2015, at 70%. Statistics show that women are awarded child custody in nearly 90 percent of all cases. Males maintain higher risk of personal crime than females. This chapter explores the activity of the police, by the sex of the suspect or offender they deal with. Figure 7.08: Adult reoffending rate by age group and sex, April 2017 to March 2018 offender cohort, England and Wales. Youth custody data for January 2016 published. When men get awarded child support, they average 17% less than women. Youth custody report November 2017 and youth custody data for November 2017 published. All results relate to England and Wales unless explicitly stated otherwise. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. , The cautioning rate is the number of offenders who were given a caution divided by the number who were either cautioned or convicted (excluding summary motoring offences). Section 95 of the Criminal Justice Act 1991 states that: The Secretary of State shall in each year publish such information as they consider expedient for the purpose of facilitating the performance of those engaged in the administration of justice to avoid discriminating against any persons on the ground of race or sex or any other improper ground. , Guidance to National Probation Service staff on proposing suspended sentence orders (SSO) changed in 2018, which led to substantial drops in the numbers of SSOs proposed in 2018 and 2019 resulting in volumes too low for a robust comparison. To allow for variable changes in headcount throughout the period considered, the sexes are best considered in terms of proportions of staff rather than absolute numbers. Dont include personal or financial information like your National Insurance number or credit card details. The number of individuals formally dealt with by the CJS includes defendants prosecuted at magistrates court and individuals given a caution or Penalty Notice for Disorder (PND). It will take only 2 minutes to fill in. Over the last 5 years, there have been increases in female representation across almost all CJS organisations and in the proportion of senior staff. Reported in the Judicial Diversity Statistics 2019 publication. Figure 4.04: Percentage of Penalty Notices for Disorder issued, by offence and sex, 2019. , Details can be found in the Technical Guide published alongside this report. The Authority considers whether the statistics meet the highest standards of Code compliance, including the value they add to public decisions and debate. This chapter (largely drawing from the Offender Management statistics Quarterly) provides statistics relating to offenders in custody or under supervision in the community, by sex. For example, an offender who had a conviction or caution outside England and Wales and was arrested by a police force in England and Wales would be counted as a first time offender. , Source: GCSE and equivalent results in England: 2014 to 2015 (revised) Main national tables: Table 3a: GCSE and equivalent entries and achievements of pupils at the end of key stage 4 by type of school and gender. , Defendants are reported against their principal (i.e. Figure 7.09: Proportion of young offenders who finished Key Stage 4 in either 2013/14 or 2014/15 who receiving Free School Meals, by gender and disposal category (Source: Table 7.2), Special Educational Needs (SEN)[footnote 104]. In 2018, the Ministry of Justice published the Female Offender Strategy, which sets out the departments vision and plan to improve outcomes for women in the community and custody. We invited our Salt Lake City child custody attorney from the Emy A Cordano, Attorney At Law to . Email: CJS_Statistics@justice.gov.uk, Alternative formats are available on request from ESD@justice.gov.uk, Available at https://www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/code-of-practice/, Fieldwork for the year to March 2020 was suspended two weeks early on Wednesday the 18th March 2020, just prior to the lockdown restrictions being announced by the Government on the 23rd March 2020. We also use cookies set by other sites to help us deliver content from their services. Among both adult female and male offenders, the reoffending rate was highest for those aged 35 to 39 at 30.4% and 34.4%, respectively. These include: National liaison and diversion services data from NHS England, Survey data from Her Majestys Inspectorate of Prisons Annual Report, (New) Understanding Educational Background of Offenders (MoJ/ DfE data share). (Michon, 2021) . In 2019, the number of individuals who self-harmed per 1,000 prisoners was 335 for females and 148 for males. Youth Custody Report for July 2013 published. Data is not available for Community Rehabilitation Companies. This is reflected in the higher proportion of females remanded in custody who were sentenced to immediate custody at magistrates court, 17% in 2019 compared to 13% for males. Figure 1.01: Proportions of males and females throughout the CJS, 2019 Victimisation Males maintain higher risk of personal crime than females. For example, data on arrests are presented in financial years, while data from courts is presented in calendar years. The proportion of PNDs issued to females was stable at 22% until 2018 when it fell to 19% and then to 18% in 2019. The publication aims to help practitioners, policy makers, academics and members of the public understand trends in the CJS in England and Wales, and how these vary between the sexes and over time. An oral report is usually completed within 24 hours of conviction where a limited amount of information is required by the sentencing court. , Offenders whose sex was unknown were excluded from all analyses in this section, which might lead to very small inconsistencies with other published statistics on offenders. Youth custody report for July 2016 published. The custody rate for this offence was 14% for females and 34% for males in 2019. GillespieShields. Prison law comprised less than 1% of the female and 3% of the male workload; both proportions have remained steady in the last 5 years but reflect falling prison population figures.