Surface oceanic circulation results most directly in the a. restriction of the jet stream to polar regions b. distribution of heat from tropical to temperate and polar regions c. movement of benthic organisms from polar to temperate regions d. moderation of ocean acidification e. spring and fall overturn of temperate bodies of water b. surface oceanic circulation results most directly in the. Which of the following is the most likely cause of recent blooms of blue-green algae in Lake Erie? a. runoff from city streets and other developed areas If it continues to slow, that could have profound . a31 road closure alton; cdw insurance for rental cars; hygro cotton bath towels; Hello world! Instead, they currents are deflected because of the Coriolis force, which is due to the Earth's rotation. Climate and ecosystems everywhere on Earth, even those far from the ocean, are affected by the ocean circulation. Replacing old polluting systems with new technology which does not result in problematic waste An approach to combating global warming by removing already-emitted greenhouse gas is termed, How do animals with cephalization respond differently to the environment than b. species of the grass a. pesticides from modern agriculture, primarily e. space, Molten rock found within the Earth's mantle b. sustainable resource a. Country C 33 5.5 In this study, the oceanic responses to given atmospheric boundary conditions are investigated using a mesoscale ocean circulation model. a. small size e. nocturnal, Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback loop? c. nitrogen-fixing bacteria and grazing by herbivores Carbon compounds rarely exist in the gaseous state This is because e. an increase in predators, resulting in fewer prey, All of the following are methods to reduce the impacts of floods EXCEPT a. d. fertilizer from agricultural fields The gazell remains are ingested by hyenas and vultures. a. Australia and New Zealand e. Toxic sediments in the delta of a major river, Which of the following is an example of kinetic energy? The saltiness of water is one factor that affects its density. d. precipitation d. radioactive energy At these locations, there is a large difference between temperatures during the day and night, and during the warmest and coldest parts of the year. d. secondary consumer c. normal ecosystem structure and function Heres why. As the winds blow above the ocean surface, the upper . The government agency most directly responsible for compliance with the Clean Water Act is the. e. divergent, The water table is lowered and the normal interface between fresh and saline groundwater move inland a. mid-oceanic c. adaptive radiation d. developing wilderness areas that will be able to sustain themselves for the long term Which of the following would NOT increase biological oxygen demand (BOD)? b. magma At mid-latitudes, the atmospheric westerlies induce eastward currents in the ocean while the trade winds are responsible for westward currents in the tropics (Fig. b. Exosphere b. Exosphere Differences in salinity also affect sea life. c. overdraft c. It underlies the Argentine Pampas and is underutilized as a source of water. The globally averaged ocean . \end{array}\right] \text {, } b. saltwater intrusion With our present atmosphere, Earth's mean surface temperature is approximately +15C. a. less; less Alternatively, explore the Understanding Global Change Infographic and find new topics that are of interest and/or locally relevant to you. The top few meters of the ocean store as much heat as Earth's entire atmosphere. [The new paper] links directly the surface warming and acceleration of upper ocean circulation.. c. transform fault lines The surface ocean circulation is mainly driven by the winds. b. economics is an important facilitator of sustainable societies Because of their size, small isolated islands accumulate more species by chance. d. convergent a. a. one of the primary causes of desertification if present in excess So for simplicity's sake, no, it isn't. a. e. The prevailing winds in the tropical Pacific weaken and change directions, All of the following are associated with an El Nino event EXCEPT Paul Voosen is a staff writer who covers Earth and planetary science. This pattern of change in vegetation is primarily the result of, An increase in both mean annual temperatures and mean annual precipitation. As water currents move this heat, they affect climate patterns, local weather, the cycling of gases, and the delivery of key nutrients to marine ecosystems. The heat in the water is carried to higher latitudes by ocean currents where it is released into the atmosphere. circulation 2004-2012. Ocean currents are similar to winds in the atmosphere in that they transfer significant amounts of heat from Earth's equatorial areas to the poles and thus play important roles in . b. Cold Surface Currents e. phosphates from detergents, primarily. Increase in stream flow b. the formation of new oceanic crust at plate boundaries c. Rotation of the Earth on its axis d. drought in Indonesia a-h Demonstrate the results from an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) experiment: a Surface heat flux forcing applied in the North Atlantic (black) which consists of two signals: 30-years . Country Population (in millions) Land Area (in millions of hectares) d. compete with native species for the same resources Ocean circulation is such an important process in the Earth system because currents transport heat, oxygen, nutrients, and living organisms. TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason provide a new tool to enlighten these topics by offering more than 10 years of continuous altimetric series. Organisms move from one layer to another, and plant and animal remains containing nutrients "rain" down, but the layers stay fairly separate in all but a few places. e. The total amount of the resource available. professor melissa murray. Home / / surface oceanic circulation results most directly in the. e. a moth that resembles a wasp, Solutions to environmental problems are not always easy. b. b. Phosphorous and nitrogen cycles a. herbivore b. a. d. low oxygen levels resulting from decomposition Tracking Monthly Salinity Changes in Our Ocean, Data Collections: Earth System Data Explorer, Locating Data & Imagery for Student Investigations, Opening Datasets from MND Data Visualization Tool in Excel, Guide to Using NASA Worldview in the Classroom, Using NASA Earth Observations (NEO) in 10 Easy Steps, Instructional Strategies for the Earth Science Classroom. e. Matter quality increases when energy changes from one form to another, "The Fall of the House of Usher" comprehensio, Principles of Environmental Science: Inquiry and Applications, Mary Ann Cunningham, William P Cunningham. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio, Earth, Environmental, Ecological, and Space Sciences. e. the law of conservation of matter, Open oceans produce the largest share of Earth's biomass because the net primary productivity (NPP) of the oceans is Because they have fewer available niches, small isolated islands are targeted and colonized by species. The oceans are mostly composed of less dense water near the surface over more dense water in the ocean depths. As the name suggests, the wind-driven circulation is driven by the prevailing winds, primarily the easterlies in the tropics and the westerlies in the mid-latitudes. c. decreased nutrient levels Ocean currents flow like vast rivers, sweeping along predictable paths. $______________$, Soils contain a large amount of stored carbon. Which of the following must be true? a. magma b. d. differences in water density due to temperature and salinity \end{array}\right], \quad G=\left[\begin{array}{rr} c. torrential rain and flooding in Peru b. Phosphorous and nitrogen cycles c. coral reefs Rahmstorf, S. et al. This type of ocean circulation is called thermohaline circulation (therme=heat, halos=salt) because the vertical movement is caused by differences in temperature and salinity (the amount of salt in water). The Earth system model below includes some of the ways that human activities affect, or are affected by, ocean circulation. Marine microbes and wildlife could be subjected to shallower, hotter, and faster surface waters. d. phosphorous contained in agricultural runoff Wind produces both waves and currents. e. sediments, The phenomenon causing global warming occurs primarily in this region of the atmosphere c. infiltration d. The rate at which the resource was being recycled. e. Divergent, The "lesson" of Easter Island was that Integrated from the surface to different indicated depths in the global ocean (A), the Atlantic (B), the Pacific (C), the Southern Ocean (D), and the Indian Ocean (E).Shown is the 12-month running mean deviation from the climatological mean (1970 to 2012) for each layer, so attention should not be focused on the absolute distance between the curves but should be on their relative changes in time. This cold, salty water near the poles (primarily in the North Atlantic and near Antarctica) sinks and spreads along the bottom and eventually rises back towards the surface of the ocean. Which of the following is true about the region of Earth's atmosphere known as the stratosphere? 64. e. sediments from erosion of agricultural fields, The consumption of mosquitoes by bats and the control of flooding provided by tropical forests in mountainous areas of Central America are examples of d. forests undergo biodiversity changes as a result of climate change c. copious amounts of urine d. the law of limiting factors c. Subsidence d. tropical rain forests c. scavenger c. Carbon and nitrogen cycles Unpublished measurements of the speed of Argo floats, a fleet of robotic instruments that have been drifting through the ocean for nearly 20 years, show a significant acceleration in surface currentsand a modest increase at lower depths. Ocean surface currents resemble Earth's long-term average planetary-scale wind patterns. 1.8 ). The study suggests climate change will continue to speed up across ocean currents, potentially limiting the heat the ocean can capture and complicating migrations for already stressed marine life. d. Nitrous oxide It takes about 1000 years for water to circulate around what is called the global conveyor belt that moves water three dimensionally throughout the worlds ocean basins. b. c. Methane Currents that move up and down in the water column, also called vertical currents, are created by differences in the density of water masses, where heavier waters sink and lighter waters rise. Ocean waters are constantly on the move. c. carbon dioxide Denser oceanic crust is subducted underneath continental crust, which forms oceanic trenches and magma, creating volcanoes (Ring of Fire). d. carnivore Because of the presence of continental barriers, those currents form loops called the subtropical gyres. a. When two oceanic plates collide the older is forced under the younger, and it forms island arcs. To test that hypothesis, Xies team turned to a climate model of all the worlds oceans. c. nonrenewable resource When Shang-Ping Xie, a climate scientist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, saw Hus study, he immediately suspected that the structure of the oceannot windsplayed a leading role in the speedup. A Low Low a. engage in mutualistic relationships with native species Published by on October 31, 2021. c. water, oxygen, and sugars c. desert -> savanna -> scrubland -> tropical forest c. melting Coastal and sea floor features influence their location, direction, and speed. Salinity changes can create ocean circulation changes that, in turn, may impact regional and global climates. Carbon compounds rarely exist in the gaseous state Your tax-deductible contribution plays a critical role in sustaining this effort. This is an interesting study with a provocative finding, says Sarah Gille, a physical oceanographer at Scripps. Ocean circulation plays a key role in structuring marine ecosystems in the Southern Ocean. Like the warm surface currents, they are driven mainly by the wind. In the tropical regions, due to the vanishing of the Coriolis parameter, uncertainties of a few . The gazelles are a food source for cheetahs. c. Convergent a. carbon dioxide, water, and energy Absorption of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases. The percent increase in carbon dioxide over this period of time is closest to: which of the following gases is the greatest overall contributor to the greenhouse effect? d. oceanic ridges The ocean conveyor belt circulates ocean water around the entire planet. a. a. positive feedback loops d. greater; less The movement of the world's major ocean gyres helps drive the " ocean conveyor belt .". This reducesthe differences between temperatures during the day and night and during the summer and winter. e. ecosystems are geographically long and thin and there is an overabundance of edges, Tectonic plates move slowly across the asthenosphere on This heat is then transported by currents and re-radiated, influencing regional air temperatures and climates all over the globe. Properties of air, water, and land 0 & 1 & 2 ocean current, stream made up of horizontal and vertical components of the circulation system of ocean waters that is produced by gravity, wind friction, and water density variation in different parts of the ocean. a. the greenhouse effect D High High b. Formaldehyde At the time, many scientists suspected faster ocean winds were driving the speedup. d. water vapor Since 86% of global evaporation and 78% of global precipitation occur over the ocean, ocean surface salinity is the key variable for understanding how fresh water input and output affects ocean dynamics. Ocean water is constantly evaporating, increasing the temperature and humidity of the surrounding air to form rain and storms that are then carried by trade winds. a. circulates heat There are two main driving forces for ocean currents; surface wind and the (horizontal) gradients in temperature and salinity. The thermohaline circulation, often referred to as the ocean's "conveyor belt", links major surface and deep water currents in the Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, and Southern Oceans. 2023 American Association for the Advancement of Science. d. fault zones c. seismic waves d. Sulfur and carbon cycles Download the Earth system models on this page. This results in a fault (crack/fracture), which can cause earthquakes when the energy is built up and suddenly released. a. wildlife corridors are developed in urban landscapes a. have some regions that are hypoxic In other words, salty water has more materials in the water than freshwater which makes it more dense than freshwater. The process in the hydrologic cycle in which water vapor is released from leaves into the atmosphere is called, The zone of hot, partly melted rock which can be deformed by heat and pressure allowing plate movement, In the African savanna, Thompson's gazelles consume short grasses. This is triggered when winds blow water across the oceans surface, allowing deeper water to rise up to replace this displaced surface water. If you wanted to determine if a resource was being used in a sustainable way, which of the following data would you analyze? a. c. metamorphic d. water Ocean currents are simply masses of water in motion and these circulate the water and all thats in it. All rights reserved. d. Coriolis effect e. are specialists that die out fairly easily, Eutrophication processes that have taken place in the Gulf of Mexico and other marine locations appear to be due to Hover over or click on the icons to learn more about these human causes of change and how they influence, or are influenced by, ocean circulation. That is why it is easier to float in the ocean than in a fresh-water swimming pool or lake, and fresh water floats on top of salty ocean water. If Earth had no atmosphere, the mean surface temperature would be approximately -15C. Energy is neither created nor destroyed in a physical or chemical reaction b. carry diseases that infect native species Surface Ocean Circulation The circulation of the surface ocean is driven primarily by surface winds. d. increased oligotrophic conditions D=610,E=[134]. Giving government subsidies for flood plain development 5 & 0 \\ What this means is that the density stays constant since the distance between the molecules remains unchanged. How they move influences climate and living conditions for plants and animals, even on land. e. developing national parks of adequate size and with sufficient wildlife corridors, The San Andreas fault line that lies in California is the result of what type of plate boundary? Some of this water gets so cold that it freezes, leaving its salt behind in the remaining water, further increasing the density of this water. d. Carbon dioxide is released during photosynthesis Because oceans cover 67 per cent of the Earth's surface, they receive around two third of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth. The image below shows the characteristic surface currents of the ocean. Sea Surface Temperature Rainfall a. a stretched rubber band c. Mesosphere On average, the temperate deciduous forest remains above freezing throughout the year d. It underlies the United States High Plains and is being depleted by overuse. d. subsidence e. Country D, Exotic species damage ecosystems because they c. Troposphere b. leaching of organic nutrients from topsoil horizon, and occasional salinization which best describe chlorofluorocarbons (cfcs), volcanic eruptions release them into the atmosphere , they were targeted for banning in 1987 as a part of the Montreal Protocol, which of the following best describes the mechanism of the greenhouse effect in the earth's atmosphere, infrared radiation from the earth's surface is absorbed by gases in the atmosphere, which of the following greenhouse gases does not exist naturally, increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the troposphere will reduce heat radiated back to space in the form of, which of the following energy sources is a chief contributor to greenhouse gas emissions as well as increasing environmental mobility of mercury, which of the following molecules is not considered a greenhouse gas, which best describe the impact of atmospheric carbon dioxide and stratospheric aerosols, both carbon dioxide and aerosols contribute to global warming, Anthropogenic water vapor does not contribute significantly to global warming because, water vapor has a short residence time in the atmosphere, Terrestial biomes vary in net primary productivity due to, the suns radiation provides the energy for, plant growth, ocean currents, hurricanes, and plate tectonics, phytoplankton are most abundant in the upper few hundred feet of most bodies of water because, sunlight does not penetrate to great depths in water. Currents, like winds in the atmosphere, do not move in straight lines because of the spin of the Earth, which causes the Coriolis effect. If it is invalid, why? nutrient levels, atmospheric circulation, etc.) At what wavelength is the radiation emitted by the human body at its maximum? Most of the earthquakes and volcanoes around the Pacific ocean basina pattern known as the "ring of fire"are due to the movement of tectonic plates in this region. The new finding, he adds, might not be the total story.. The winds drive an ocean circulation transporting warm water to the poles along the sea surface. c. Northern coniferous forest receives most of its precipitation in the form of snow in winter a. amplitude The rule is simple - salt makes water heavier, so it sinks. e. Strengthen and deepen streams (channelization, Which of the following is a limiting factor for a grassland biome? d. oxygen and sugars www.opendialoguemediations.com. This process is known as upwelling. It occurs along the coasts, as well as in the open ocean. The winds drive an ocean circulation transporting warm water to the poles along the sea surface. b. e. chlorine from sewage treatment plants along Lake Erie's shoreline, An El Nino will result in all of the following environmental effects except Ocean circulation plays a key role in distributing solar energy and maintaining climate by moving heat from Earths equator to the poles. The difference between the rate of resource consumption and the rate at which the resource is replenished. 4 & 10 \\ For instance, during the winter months at mid-latitudes winter storms mix the surface water more than in the summer, creating a deeper mixed layer. All this heating and cooling and melting and thawing creates a layered ocean: warmer fresher water on top, cold salty water at the bottom. b. rainforest -> coniferous forest -> desert This study applied eigenvector-based time-decomposition and spatial-decomposition techniques to examine mechanisms through which the positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) sea surface temperature (SST) pattern can influence the patterns of summer rainfall over southern Africa. It then flows southward deep along the ocean floor of the Atlantic Ocean through the Indian Ocean, eventually mixing with the surface currents in the Pacific Ocean. Please make a tax-deductible gift today. c. The change in population size since that resource was introduced. b. d. Thermosphere c. Build levees or flood walls along coastline and streams b. an epicenter d. decomposer Which of the following world regions contain the greatest area of rain forest? At these locations, extra solar heat stored during day and in warmer months is released at night and in cooler months. e. igneous, All of the following gases make a significant contribution to the natural greenhouse effect EXCEPT d. sedimentary d. plate boundaries At the ocean surface, currents are primarily driven by winds. Viewed from above, currents in these subtropical gyres flow in a clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and a counterclockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere. As the oceans absorb more heat, sea surface temperature increases, and the ocean circulation patterns that transport warm and cold water around the globe change. a. methane c. Brazil and Indonesia It underlies the African Sergengeti and supplies millions of people with freshwater. Global warming is speeding up ocean currents. Country E In fact, the North Atlantic Ocean tends to be the saltiest, much more than the Pacific. Which of the choices below are NOT true? c. ocean currents b. Convection Xie and his colleagues also realized that, in shallower layers, currents would naturally have to speed up: In effect, the winds were pushing the same amount of water through a narrower pipe. This causes surface waters to grow more buoyantand more reluctant to mix with waters below. a. leaching of organic nutrients from topsoil horizon and removal of humus using sustainable agricultural practices Predation is similar to ________ in that both types of relationship benefit one of the interacting species while harming the other. Carbon dioxide Though shallow, they are extremely important in determining the world's . b. a. Large masses of water that move together, called ocean currents, transport heat, marine organisms, nutrients, dissolved gasses such as carbon dioxide and oxygen, and pollutants all over the world. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, also known as the Pacific trash vortex, spans waters from the West Coast of North America to Japan. b. overfishing in a privately owned lake, greatly reducing its biodiversity Surface ocean currents are strongly influenced by the wind. surface oceanic circulation results most directly in thebest imperial trooper team swgoh piett. Dust blowing off unpaved roads The ocean does an excellent job of absorbing excess heat from the atmosphere. c. Water Vapor e. scavenger, All of the following influence global air circulation EXCEPT It underlies central Florida and is contaminated by pesticide and fertilizer runoff from farms. surface oceanic circulation results most directly in the. a. deoxyribonucleic acid a. As a result, both the surface and deep waters flow from west to east around Antarctica. b. global warming from human use of fossil fuels e. Exosphere, Primary productivity is highest in which of the following ecosystems?
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